Three Waves Of Feminism Essay - 1406 Words

A Brief History Of The Three Waves Of Feminism Seeing the title the first thing that comes to our mind is â€Å" What is Feminism†? feminism is a belief where a woman s needs and their contributions are valued. It’s based on the social, political and economical equality for women. It is also described as a movement. Where women are fighting for their right since evolution. Now, what about the word â€Å"wave†? The word â€Å"wave† which categorizes feminism because it illustrates the forward motion- of the women s movements. It helps to understand this movement in by thinking of the motion of an actual wave (in towards the sand, then back out). Feminism is a revolution which makes man and women equal in every boundary. Status of women was lower†¦show more content†¦The press responded arrogantly following the convention, but the event was the beginning of a new era. Following getting, suffrage women also got their right to inherit property, child custody, and wage retention. The word â€Å"FE MINISM† came from France to the United States, but not all suffragists wanted them to call as such. A lot of them only wanted their right to vote but they did not want to get complete equality. After almost 40 years congress sanctioned the 19th Amendment, permitting women the right to vote (Cristen). The success of the first wave encouraged many women to come forward and fight for their own rights. After gaining the right to vote women became more and more concerned about their being. They thought to themselves â€Å"Now what?†. That was the initial time when the second wave began to happen.The second wave basically widens the first wave discussion with issues like their sexuality, family, childcare, rape, domestic violence, reproductive rights etc (Cristen). One of the most important roots of the second wave was during the time of World War II. As many men flew overseas to fight the war women gained their positions at work. At this time labor union got stronger as women got employed increasingly. During the 20th century, new work benefits became available to women. After the war ended when some of the men came back they were treated differently and they eventuallyShow MoreRelatedThe Feminist Theory Of Animal Studies924 Words   |  4 Pagesliterature review will not exp lore the connections of animal studies within queer theory due to insufficient research, though the connections among homophobia, speciesism, and animality are abundant and relevant to the discussions presented in this essay. While there are notable authors and scholars within the field of animal studies in feminist theory (see Carol Adams and Josephine Donovan), it is still relatively unestablished. This theoretical paper will examine the prominent discourses in animalRead MoreThe Second Wave Of Women s Rights Movement Essay786 Words   |  4 Pagesmovements. Furthermore it is split into three waves to present the difference in time and show how much it has evolved. The first wave was in the mid 19th century to early 20th century. They focused on women’s suffrage, their right to work, education rights, etc. The second wave was in the 60s; this is when they addressed broader perspectives. To include birth control, abortion, rape, pornography, etc. The third wave began in the 1990s and was a response to the second wave, as they only focused on strugglesRead MoreFeminism Throughout History1698 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism Throughout history, women around the globe have been struggling to gain rights that are equal to men in the society. Women have been struggling to obtain respect, equality, and the same rights men have in the society. However, this has been difficult to them because of patriarchy, an ideology whereby, men are always considered to be superior to women, and have the right to control women. This thought has spread widely among the social structures of the society around the globe and thisRead MoreThe Political And Cultural Challenges That Feminists Have Contested Over Time Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagesthe history of feminism into three waves; first, second and third. The first wave concentrated on women’s suffrage, the second wave focused on political and cultural disparities and the third wave analysed the definitions of femininity which takes a broad view of white upper class women. This essay will compare and contrast these waves examining the social, political and cultura l challenges that feminists have contested over time. It will also discuss whether or not a fourth wave exists and seeksRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald877 Words   |  4 PagesAn issue that is widespread in culture today and sometimes completely misconceived, feminism is simply the idea that all people should have equal rights and opportunities, no matter their gender or race. This paper will look into two cultural texts from different time periods and analyse them through a feminist perspective, discussing the producers’ use of women in the works and feminist or anti-feminist ideas. This paper will first look at the novel The Great Gatsby (Fitzgerald, F, S, 1925), analysingRead MoreFeminism : A Feminist Perspective1083 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is an interesting topic to cover. Feminism is often associated with or assumed to be radical feminism, despite the fact that they are two different mindsets. Feminism, in its purest sense, is the seeking of gender equality in society. It seeks to go against the idea of male supremacy and gender stereotypes, saying that both of the two are oppressive and uncalled for. Radical feminism tends to have more to do with the concept of patriarchy, saying that female dominance has been â€Å"historicallyRead More`` Like A Girl `` Is Not An Insult1481 Words   |  6 Pageseveryday lives. In this essay, I completed an in-depth analysis of the full, three-minute version of the #LikeAGirl advertisement. My analysis includes a particular focus on this ad from a feministic perspective in an attempt to illustrate the role of t he #LikeAGirl campaign in undermining masculine hegemony and challenging the negative gender stereotypes that are still so pervasive within our society today. Method In order to complete this analysis, I watched the full, three-minute version of theRead MoreCivil Disobedience And Deliberative Democracy1550 Words   |  7 Pagespresent throughout history, especially in the new constitutional era, such as fees must fall. In this essay I will consider this concept of civil disobedience, especially in a South African context as well as considering a quote by Jurgen Habermas in an article by William Smith titled Civil Disobedience and Deliberative Democracy. Io will also look at philosophical theories such as liberalism and feminism in relation to the above move mentioned extract. 2 What is civil disobedience? According to JohnRead MoreThe Historical Development Of Feminism1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthe historical development of feminism. We will focus on how race, class, gender, etc. have changed over time and how these social variables play a role in the feminist movement. In addition, we will look at a number of sources including Sheryl Sandberg’s controversial view on feminism and what feminism means in regards to the sources. Lastly, we will examine the role of both male and female feminists. What exactly is feminism? According to the Urban dictionary, feminism is defined as â€Å"the advocacyRead MoreWomen s Movement Of The United States1438 Words   |  6 Pagescreated equal.† Among the 13 resolutions set forth in Stanton’s â€Å"Declaration† was the goal of achieving the â€Å"sacred† right of franchise.†3 The sometimes-fractions suffrage movement that grew out of the Seneca Falls meeting proceeded in successive waves. Initially, women reformers addressed social and institutional barriers that limited women’s rights; including family responsibilities, a lack of educational and economic opportunities and the absence of a voice in political debates. Stanton and Susan

The World Organizational And Industrial System Essay

INTRODUCTION The world organizational and industrial system since inception has undergone and improves organizational and industrial system. Looking at the premises of the organizational management and theoretical bases of industrialization, many scholars and indeed critics are of the view that it is organization centered concept. That is, it pays much emphasis on the efficient and goal attainment of the organization. This led to emergence of neoliberals in the sphere of industrialization which is capital centre policy that enrich the bourgeoisies- the company and industries owners; and make the poor to grow poorer-mostly the workers and personnel in the industries. Thus, the organizational structure and system became non-cognizance of workers’ value and welfares. This led to emergence of workers’ associations which transformed in Labour Unions today with a view to stand as a body to serve as intermediary and examining body between workers relationship with organization. This paper therefore, takes a look at Labour Unions as industrial body mostly related to workers, with a view to conceptualize as a body; take an historical overview of the Labour Union, the significance of Labour Unions and critical examination of achievement of the body in the industrial context and challenges being encountered by the body. LABOUR UNION Labour Union refers to organization or organized association of workers often in trade of profession formed to protect and further the rightShow MoreRelatedPsy 435975 Words   |  4 Pagesof Phoenix Material Industrial/Organizational Psychology Worksheet The purpose of this assignment is to examine the fundamental concepts of the field of industrial/organizational psychology. Using the textbook, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources, answer the following questions. Your responses to each question will vary but overall should be 700- to 1,050-words in length. 1. Describe the evolution of the field of industrial/organizational psychology. AccordingRead MoreRock Solid Industrial Parts, Inc.1298 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper analyzes Rock Solid Industrial Parts, Inc. using the McKenzie 7-S Model to clarify some of the key issues facing the company today and also identify the key to success for the company in the next few years. The analysis concerns the elements of strategy, structure, systems, staff, skills, style, and shared values that are important to the organizational performance. Based on the analysis, some changes need to be made to align with company s needs to achieve its business objectives. TheRead More Henry Fayols Organizational and Management Theory Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagement theory. Other scholars developed their theories based on the weakness of Henry Fayol’s theory of management (Thomson 2004). Henry Fayol is a scholar of French national and was born in 1841. The scholar Fayol was born at the cusp of French’s industrial revolution. Fayol mainly developed theories on management and organization of labor. Fayol developed the theory of management out of the experiences of French economy in the early years of the 19th century. During this period, France was underdevelopedRead MoreEssay on Choosing Psychology as a Career1558 Words   |  7 Pagesin Germany in 1879, using his background in physiology to study reactions and sensations (McLeod). There is no doubt that he, along with the later help of Sigmund Freud, launched what is now modern psychology. Psychology and its research helped the world understand the inner workings of the mind and how it affects everyone around us. Many associate psychology with sitting in a chair in a small office as someone taking notes, asking how you feel about a certain event or feeling, analyzing your deepestRead MoreMcdonald s Impacts Of Globalization And Technology1315 Words   |  6 Pagesforefront. McDonald s goal is to be a pioneer in delivering exceptional customer service in meeting the needs of their customers with quality and affordability. This research will present McDonald s impacts of globalization and technology. The industrial organization model will be discussed to determine steps needed to maximize the potential for increased earnings. Furthermore, McDonald s vision, mission, and stakeholder impacts will be presented which is essential. Globalization and TechnologyRead MoreOrganizational Behavior - Max Weber1685 Words   |  7 Pagesgroup to achieve more than can be accomplished by the aggregate efforts of group members working individually. Over time there have been several models and theories with respect to organizational function and essential characteristics. One model suggests that organizations at their core are information processing systems, where information includes knowledge about markets, products, production methods, management techniques, finance, laws, etc... and many other factors involved in running a businessRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Organizational Success1516 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The author’s purpose for this paper is to broaden the readers understanding of the role human resource management plays within the context of both employee and organizational success. This paper begins with a look at the historical roots that lay the foundation for the growing need of human resource management (HRM). Some histories believe that HRM can be traced back to medieval times while other argue that human resources functions were not clearly grouped together and identified untilRead MoreHuman Performance Improvement Is Growing As A Key Focus Area For Organizations786 Words   |  4 Pagesand their world. By providing tools and strategies for effective and universal improvement, they help members create bigger impact, make greater contributions, and, ultimately, make our world a better place to be. The field of the HPI is relatively new relatively young as compare other discipline like the instructional systems design, Organization Development and programmed instruction. Human performance improvement (HPI) is also linked to the ergonomics within the context of in industrial engineeringRead MoreMotivation Research : Curiosity And Career Related962 Words   |  4 Pageseffectively research has the potential to take me exceptionally far. In the realm of career application, research can play a role in the day to day assignments of and industrial-organizational psychologist, my ideal career. My primary interest in the realm of psychology is efficiency. This directly applies to industrial-organizational psychology as this area of psychology focuses on efficiency and productively within the workplace. The concepts behind doing tasks as well and quickly as possible trulyRead MoreHistory of Management Thought - Elton Mayo1620 Words   |  7 Pages1911. Following his graduation, he lectured at The University of Queensland from 1911 to 1923. In 1912, Mayo married Dorothea McConnel, a daughter of a respectable Australian family. They had two daughters, Patricia and Gael (Witzel 2005). During World War I, Mayo treated shell-shocked soldiers, families and acquaintances through which he gained invaluable insights. This became the foundation of his approach to the analysis of problems in modern industries (Smith 1974). In 1923, Mayo became a researcher

Media Convergence Worksheet free essay sample

What is meant by the term media convergence with regard to technology, and how has it affected everyday life? What is meant by the term media convergence with regards to technology means simply the merging of different content in different media channels. An example of that would be books, newspapers, and magazines which can now be found on the Internet using any laptop, smartphone, e-reader, or tablet. The lines between traditional media and technology are becoming blurred. As forms of media converge, previously unavailable methods of communication emerge, changing the way we send and receive messages. In the past there were clear lines between radio, TV, printed media, and the internet. Now newspapers and TV programs all have their own websites giving up to date news as it happens. Printed media can be accessed on the internet using an e-reader that gives the conveniences of the internet and electronic display technology. Any mistakes I made were easy to correct and send forward in a matter of minutes. In the past those mistakes may have cost me my refinancing. Another area that is greatly affected for all of us is how we bank today. I rarely need to go into a branch to handle my finances. Many banks can make a deposit from into your account with just a picture of the check. I can access, transfer, and manage my accounts and bills all from my computer at home. What is meant by the term media convergence with regard to business, and how has it affected everyday life? It goes without saying that media convergence is a speedy process that is affecting our careers too. It is getting more and more competitive out there, employees need to start learning the converged technology as soon as it appears. Not only this but entire offices and companies have reduced in size. Papers are slowly disappearing from officers and certain slow working tools such as pens and typewriters are also disappearing. For example; consider those who are in media jobs, technology conversions are constantly changing the game when it comes to office and media skills. Even those who have already landed a job based on specific skills, are forced to stay on top of the new and emerging medias. School is never over for someone who works in the media world. At one time a person had to have asic knowledge about a few programs on the computer to be considered for a job. There was one form of technology (the PC) and it was pretty standard across the board. Now we have numerous different systems and programs to choose from. Each company is different and each need a certain set of skills. Social medias have started to play a huge part in marketing and promoting both ourselves and the job. Being able to responsibly nav igate and participate in theses mediums is vital to landing a career. What are some of the issues that result from dependency on modern media? Describe at least three issues. Media tends to influence and its obvious, there are positive as well as negative influences. However, it also depends upon the way audiences perceive things. The power of media is by far recognized by everybody in terms of advertising, marketing and as a medium to broadcast information to people at large. Since mass media is used to communicate and interact with people from various walks of life, the information reported may not be authentic from every angle. So there may be a misinterpretation of a Situation. News can also be manipulated to influence the minds of the audiences. For example; a particular political party may manipulate reports in their favor, which would indicate the political control in the media. Media bias can occur due to various issues. One of the most obvious and played out problem we see is when a particular event or a celebrity may receive undue importance. As a result society may get a warped perception of what is important, and stories that warrant the public’s real attention are overshadowed by gossip and fluff, leaving the news as it is reported lacking in substance. Not to mention that the dependence on all of these forms of media ultimately hinges on the use of the internet and electricity. If one or both of these were to fail, society may fail with it. We already have TV shows that play with the fact of this happening. Ironically we could not watch them if it did happen! Instead of environmental issues or the threat of war being our biggest worry, we now have to plan what would happen if your countries intricate system of media and technological advances crashed. Leaving us with no money, no long distance communication, and loss of production of billions of everyday items we are so spoiled by. How does media literacy help with responsible media consumption? By being aware of all medias ability to manipulate, trick or persuade the viewer through a bias argument or article, a person may avoid buying a product or uncritically accepting a point of view. Understanding how media is created, and how all the tools and techniques (like camera angles, lighting, colors, music, etc. ) are used by the professionals, will make one more apt to identify and appreciate really good media products. The understanding that all media is created by someone for some purpose will make one a more skeptical and responsible media user. However; just because a person is educated about media literacy does not mean they are immune to a fake website or bad information. Step one is being able to recognize something needs further investigation, step two is the skill to research and dig up the source of that information. Then determine if the information is credible and reliable. A somewhat shallow but common example of this would be the news headlines that read that political figure or celebrity has dies. Often the social web sites will blow up with the news that our beloved actor or actress has passed away in a tragic accident. However after careful consideration and access to a reliable (maybe more traditional) news source, we discover that it is a rumor and nothing more. Media literacy, in short, is the ability to use discernment and investigate any, and all, information that is obtained through a media outlet. Understanding and participating in media literacy will ensure that the individual is protected from opinion and false information.

My Posse Dont Do Homework Essays - Critical Pedagogy,

My Posse Don't Do Homework Johnson's My Posse Don't Do Homework is an excellent book in the way that it describes the looked over and ignored kids of schools around the nation. My Posse Don't Do Homework shows us how important it is to nurture and care for students and tell each and everyone of those students how important they are and they, too, can make a difference. When Ms. Johnson had the class on the first day of school, the students were all prepared to "work" their way through yet another substitute or permanent teacher. According to the book My Posse Don't Do Homework, when Ms. Johnson had asked about Miss Shepard, the group of student's former teacher, one girl replied that she "had been ?psyched out'" (19). "Miss Shepard had thrown down her book and rushed out of the classroom in tears the previous Friday. The kids weren't surprised that she hadn't returned. They were obviously proud of their handiwork..." (19). Moments later a dictionary was flung at her head and she then proceeded to leave the classroom. After the dictionary incident she spoke with a colleague, Hal Gray. After a brief discussion with him, she went back to the class where she was inspired by her former drill instructor, Petty Officer Hawk's, presence and confronted the student who threw the dictionary at her. After getting in the boy's face, he gave into her demand of sitting down. After introducing herself and telling them about her Marine and Navy background, she gained the advantage and some of their respect from fear that she could kill them with her bare hands. The book is not suggesting that every teacher that has a difficult group of students should let them think that he or she, meaning the teacher, is going to violent if they do not cooperate in class. However, with this group of kids Ms. Johnson thought that it would be most effective to intimidate her new students. After gaining his or her respect, she started to care about each student. She went above and beyond what is to be expected from the average teacher. She truly cared about each of students and did her best to get to know each of them on a personal basis. She even proves in her book, My Posse Don't Do Homework, that this is an effective way of teaching these students who have been told that they are not important and that they would not achieve to be much. Most of the students in her classes were passing with average and above average grades. The same students were doing below average or failing other classes that were instructed by teachers who did not put much to any effort in showing these students any affection. James A. Banks states in his book An Introduction to Multicultural Education: "I think we have to create a caring community in the classroom. We have to create what psychologists call a superordinate group in the classroom" (93). He goes on later discusses and somewhat defines a super ordinate groups. Banks states, "Allport's theory of group contact suggests ways to create a sense of community. In order to create a sense of community, we first need to create a group within the group not cooperation. Second, we need to create equal-status situations for the groups" (94). It is imperative that we teach our students in a fair and caring way. Teachers have to be sure that he or she is doing everything in their power to help their students achieve their goals. Isn't that the purpose of teaching, to help assist the students and do almost anything within their power to see that their student is learning? One option to helping students better themselves and give more of the much-needed affection is to reduce class size. Johnson states in the introduction to her book, "When classes are small enough to allow individual student-teacher interaction, a minor miracle occurs: Teachers teach and students learn" (2). When teachers gain a positive rapport with their students because of smaller class sizes, fewer students have a chance to fall through the cracks. LouAnne Johnson stated, "The Junior Advanis and Attiba Macks break my heart, but for every student who slips through the cracks, a dozen--or two dozen--step over the cracks and walk out of high school with a diploma in one hand and a dream in another. It's these kids--the ones you don't read about in the newspapers because good news doesn't sell--who keep me coming back every year to

An Indiscreet Conversation on Hiring Essay Example

An Indiscreet Conversation on Hiring Essay Example An Indiscreet Conversation on Hiring Essay An Indiscreet Conversation on Hiring Essay An Indiscreet Conversation on Hiring Case Study 2 Jerdson L. Gamble Lasell College Abstract The purpose of this case study is to examine the legitimacy of the hiring agenda of four friends Joe, Steven, Matt, and Andrew. The major issue focused on in this paper will be the hiring process, discrimination, employment qualifications, and employment equity. In all this paper will review the responsibility that managers have when thinking about when decisions to make when hiring especially in high-risk reward situations. An Indiscreet Conversation on Hiring Case Study 2 This case study is centered on the question of hiring a qualified candidate. The candidate is very well qualified and happens to be a female. During the conversation about the consideration of hiring the candidate it is clear that because of her experience, education and other qualifications that she would be the best fit for the job. However, the idea that the candidate may be ready to get married and have kids becomes an issue for the men who are making the hiring decision. During the conversation, it comes to light that two other candidates have been interviewed. The other two candidate options happen to be male. Both male options have similar education backgrounds to the female candidate however they do have less work experience than the female candidate. In the eyes of Joe, Steven, Matt, and Andrew this decision ultimately come down to coast benefit analysis or a risk-reward decision. Regardless of how these men view this decision, because they bought her potential pregnancy into the conversation they are now working with a decision based around sexism and gender discrimination. The Conversation The conversation becomes an issue when, according to Fundamentals of Executive Management (2011), Joes brings up the fact that he has just interviewed a very well deserving candidate for a new position. Joe loves the fact that she has an Ivey League MBA and also has a work background to match. However, Joe does remember that she did say that the reason she wanted to move from New York to Canada is because she intendeds to start a family. With this information on the table for discussion, Joe does his best to not sound as if his concerns are purely sexists. Joe’s reasoning for his concerns seem legitimate as he is concerned that he will not be able to afford the time and money that it will take to replace the female candidate during maternity leave. Joe is in a tough position. Drucker (2009) suggest that making the right people decisions is the best way to lead an organization. It seems that in this cases Joe may not be able to lead by making a good decision no matter what side of the argument he chooses. When looking at the ideas of Drucker (2009) however, Joe would understand that â€Å"even if executives follow his decision steps, some of their people decisions will still fail† (p. 66). Even knowing this however, Drucker suggest that a good manager still has to be able to make these types of high-risk decisions about hiring someone. Overall, when upper management makes a bad decision, Drucker suggest that he is failing the organization. People decisions are not the only decision that a manager has to make but they are a very important part of what they do. In all, a manager’s ability to choose good people will reflect a manager’s ability to lead the organization in the right direction. Moreover, despite the fact that Joe is having this conversation just with his friends the decision he makes will ultimately be seen by the rest of the organization. Drucker (2009) suggest that even if you try to keep other employees out of the loop with hiring decision, that those decisions ultimately cannot be kept a secret. Employees will ultimately see what decision are being made and will be able to understand what they mean. What Joe has to think about, as a risk outside of his investment in her maternity is the risk of loosing the respect of the organization. Lawler (2003) suggest that, â€Å"organizations must hire people who fit with their values, core competencies, and strategic goals† (p. 106). For Joe to be the leader that his organization needs he must look into ways to make his decision making within the hiring process more clearly defined and more disciplined. One suggestion for Joe would be to follow one of Drukers 2009) decision steps by looking at a number of potentially qualified people. Given the information that has been given in the case study Joe has only looked at three candidates to this point. Drucker suggest that â€Å"an executive should look at three to five qualified candidates† (p. 63). In all, Joe must make good decision based on qualifications for the job. Doing so will improve his leadership and maintain the respect and willingness to perform by his organization. The question of sexism does come into play in this case study. However, that is a distraction to the real problem. Joe is trying to make decisions based on criteria that has little to do with his needs for the organization. Reference Drucker, P. F. (2009). Classic Drucker: essential wisdom of Peter Drucker from the pages of Harvard Business Review.. Boston: Harvard Business Review Book. Pierce, J. L. , Newstrom, J. W. (1990). The Managers bookshelf: a mosaic of contemporary views (2nd ed. ). New York: Harper Row. Mark, K. (2011). Fundamentals of executive management . New York: McGraw-Hill.

How to Write a College Book Report Paper

How to Write a College Book Report Paper How to Write a College Book Report Paper Book reports are defined as edifying reports that deliberate on a specific book from an objective point of view. Students have generally confused book reports with book reviews since they are not conscious of the differences that exist between the two. Book reports summarize the work while book reviews gives evaluation of works at hand. Basically, book reports give accounts of the major characters, plot, thesis, and the main concepts of the work. A book report is a short summary that ranges from 275 to 500 words. Students who are given book report assignments need to be informed of the basic information concerning the book. These include the book title, the author, the publisher and place of publication, as well as number of pages. This information is necessary since it is incorporated into the report. Before commencing on a book report, it is prudent to determine the genre of the book. Writing a fiction book report requires one to be cognizant of the main characters, the setting , and the context of action. Non-fiction book reports involve emphasizing the main ideas presented in the book. Students encounter book report writing in their college level of learning. This is challenging since professors expect work of a higher quality than on the high school level. How to write a college book report is a demanding issue for freshmen college students. For one to write a college book report effectively, one must read the specific book in question. Reading a lengthy work may seem to be a tedious affair especially if the book doesn’t interest the reader. In addition, student writers must understand every concept that is presented in the book. The first reading is usually inadequate even if the reader truly focuses on the contents of the book. Taking notes on the important points as well as page numbers of where such concepts are illustrated in the book aids one in remembering the book’s plot as well as writing an effective report. The student may also find perusing professional critiques of the book helpful in understanding the plot, characterization, and utilization of literary devices or techniques. However, it is important to narrow down one’s research so that the student reads only the critiques that interest the student the most. Academic book reports require the writer to follow the guidelines provided by the instructor. This ensures that the student writer stays within the parameters of the report project. For a non-fiction book, the student should focus on topics and issues that the student most enjoyed or found especially intriguing. On the same note, the student should offer personal insight concerning the development of the plot or characterization or the employment of literary devices. College papers are tricky to write since their basis of assessment is focused on information from the book that the student writer presents. In summary, stay focused on the purpose of the paper. It is not to provide a critique. Rather, it is to provide a synopsis of what the book contains. As with any writing assignment, developing an outline for guidance as one reads can be very helpful in determining what one wants to say. Organize ideas in a clear and coherent fashion. In addition, one should always take time to revise and to proof-read one’s paper before submitting it for a grade. College students can get professional college book report help online, at writing service. Let your book report paper written by top-rated writers.

Brazils E-procurement System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Brazils E-procurement System - Essay Example E-government has been on the rise in different countries with most government using internet as a means of improving their services to their customers. As most companies as well as governments embark on e-procurement, different and important issues have been raised in regard to its use in a country. E-government unlike in the past where it was an option, it has become a necessity especially as countries strive to achieve better governance and efficiency in offering services to the citizens. E-governance requires the government to integrate the strategic vision in service delivery to the citizens. ICT is today being used with an aim of streamlining the governments thus connecting it closely to the citizens thus ensuring better services are being offered by the governments. E-government as well as e-procurement is also vital in ensuring that public funds are managed well by a government thus enhancing efficiency and effectiveness. Different countries for example Brazil have recently ad opted e-procurement and e-government in their administration. ... tioned earlier, use of e-government and e-procurement in Brazil has led to improvement in the functioning of the government especially in the area of public funds management. The agenda for e-government first appeared in the federal government of Brazil in the year 2000 which was later implemented in most of the ministries of the government. However, use of e-procurement has raised significant issues in the recent past. One of the major issues which have been facing the Brazilian government which carrying out e-procurement is the issue of security. The government has some confidential information which should not be disclosed to the public or unauthorized persons. Use of e-procurement exposes the government to the risk of losing important information especially as internet crime and terrorism acts are on the rise. This may put the government as well as the citizen under the risk of terrorism attacks. The issues of security while using e-procurement have been a major issue for the Bra zilian government in its endeavours to ensure e-government is practiced. To cub or reduce this problem, the government have installed security measures to ensure that no unauthenticated person gets access to sensitive information. Security remains a major and important issue while dealing with e-procurement (Neef, 2001). Personification of the government is also another important security issue which should be considered while implementing the e-procurement and e-government systems in any country. Since all transactions are carried out online, it is very possible for a person to fraudulently rob of any government especially through e-procurement. While using the internet, the financial information concerning a person or a government is availed to ensure smooth transactions are carried out.

China Economic Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

China Economic Development - Essay Example Chinese leader during this period attempted to transfer the heart of agriculture from traditional farming to household activities (Roche, 2010). These reforms extended to price liberalization, in a more gradual way. It became followed by fiscal decentralization (Roche, 2010). Also as part of the undergoing reforms, business enterprises managed by the state became granted independence. This means that, all the government officials found at the local levels and also managers of a number of plants had more authority (Roche, 2010). This led to the development of a number of privately owned firms within the service producing sector, together with the manufacturing sectors (Roche, 2010). Chinese banking system became diversified, and the country’s stock markets began to rise as the country’s economic reforms took hold (Roche, 2010). China began growing at a rapid pace because of these existing reforms and widely opened the shut doors of its economy to the entire globe for tra de opportunities and direct more foreign investment (Roche, 2010). As a nation, it has undertaken a slow but sure method in implementing all of its economic reforms (Roche, 2010). The country has sold the equity of a number of the country’s state banks to foreign companies and also bond markets. Its role in the international market has also grown over the years (Roche, 2010). China's Global Economy The economy of China witnessed some radical transformations after Deng Xiaoping took charge in 1978 (Roche, 2010). The country has transformed from being a highly centrally planned economy to an open economy from his era (Roche, 2010). The country has now transformed to a leading power house for the world’s economy over the past ten years. In Roche’s... this paper tells that China has also a well developed transport and railway network running throughout the country. The country has developed expressways making the container transportation effective. By late 2006, the country had six provinces with close to 2000 (km) of expressway. Also, the length of the country’s railway system is over 77 000 (km), ranking it third in the globe, next to America and Russia. Nevertheless, Japan has a more advanced and well maintained infrastructure, which undergoes regular and constant upgrading and expansion. According to Roche, the country’s private and public sectors take the responsibility of a number of infrastructural services and operate them efficiently. Japan posses a remarkably extensive and highly modern road network that consists of around 1,152,207 kilometers of highways, and 6,114 kilometers of expressways. The length of the rail network in Japan is 23,670 kilometers. More than half of Japan’s rail network is elect rified. The country is also famous for its high-speed trains. The country also has extensive and modern sea and air transport systems. The country’s communication system is also highly advanced consisting of both the public and private providers. To sum up, this paper says that China posses massive sea ports that have the most influential gateways for its foreign trade. Going by the recent record, China ranks first globally in terms of cargo through put by its weight and also by the high numbers of containers it handles.

War Is Big Business Essay Example for Free

War Is Big Business Essay When wars erupt, suffering and hardship invariably follow. â€Å"Conflict is the breeding ground for mass violations of human rights including unlawful killings, torture, forced displacement and starvation† (www.amnesty.org). This is basically the definition for armed conflict. Armed conflict in my opinion simply means war. Our men and women constantly put their lives on the line, possibly over a dispute between two powerful men who could not come to an agreement. Our men and women our dispatched out to the war zone, and destroy on command just to help these powerful men gain more power. World War II had the most casualties ever in the history of war. World War II was a global war that started in 1939 and ended in 1945. I believe this war started because of unresolved issues from World War I. World War II in my opinion was a war where different nations fought against each other, but I believe the center focus was on Germany. One of the major consequences World War II had on the United States was the economy. The economy was stronger than it was from World War I. The United States became a dominant world economy. Men and women in the United States began to find jobs. The unemployment rate went down tremendously. United States was no longer a country of poverty, but has risen to a country of freedom and prosperity. The second major consequence World War II had on the United States was its military. The United States was known to have the strongest military in the world. The United States military established different bases all over the United States and in other countries as well. I believe this was part of the strategy to prevent any other wars from happening. The United States now recognized as the world leader was now at the center focus of the nations. The United States benefited greatly from World War II. War in my opinion is big business. I feel every time the economy gets in trouble, a war is probably going to happen. Sadly the lives of our American people are lost because of the misuse of money in our government. World War II on Ameri can sensibilities had a great affect on people of the United States. The first thing that took place was food had to be rationed out. There was a great  shortage of food during that time, and it caused Americans much inconvenience. I believe there may have been long lines for the American people to wait for hours just to get something to eat. Gasoline and clothing also had to be rationed out. In my opinion there may have been limited driving for the American people. Industries had been converted to military goods, so consumer goods were hard to come by (answers.yahoo.com). World War II also had a great impact on women. Women were permitted to join the work force. Women were doing the same jobs that men were doing. I believe this was the starting point of women becoming bread winners for their house hold. In society today, women have become more independent than ever. World War II forever changed the status of women in the United States. I think Americans may have viewed World War II as a time of great tension between all nations. The United States did not want to get involved with the war, but during that time Germany was rising to a world super power. The United States had to get involved in order to keep from becoming a defeated nation. I think the American people still view World War II to be the most dreadful war of all time. World War II changed the United States role in the nation. The United States became the leading nation in the world. The United States was able to help build other nations. The United States was the only industrialized nation that wasn’t touch by the war. In my opinion I feel the United States is a helping hand to all nations in this world. Americans should be grateful than to complain. I believe World War II was a great benefit for the United States. In my opinion World War II literally repaired America. The United States was a nation that was falling off at the hinges, but the war strengthen the economy that greatly benefited the American people to get jobs and take care of their families. I believe World War II played a major role in the freedom that we as American people have this day. I believe America will always be the leading nation in this world. References http://www.amnesty.org/en/armed-conflict (2012) http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090308125129AAaAsJ1 (2012)

William Shakespeare :: essays research papers

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare, the most famous of all English writers, has written many works. One such work is Much Ado About Nothing, a comedy that includes humor, love, and deceit. Several incidents in the life of the author influenced him to write this play in the fashion that he did. These events come from his life and the point in history in which he lived, thus producing Much Ado About nothing. Shakespeare's life has very much to do with the style of his writing as his stories are from his past experiences. Shakespeare had a life that involved both the good and bad aspects of love. He was married for a short while, however, the marriage was suspected to be an unhappy one because he spent much of his later life away from his family. Shakespeare's misfortune in love is shown in Much Ado About Nothing when it is said, "Speak low if you speak love." (Shakespeare). Contrary to this, the positive side of love is apparent: "Friendship is constant in all other things Save in the office and affairs of love: Therefore all hearts in love use their own tongues; Let every eye negotiate itself And trust no agent." (Shakespeare) So let it be known, Shakespeare obviously learned a great deal about love throughout the course of his life. He learned not only the good, but also the bad, and in this, love plays a major role in Much Ado About Nothing (Wright 10- 13). Another element used in Much Ado About Nothing is deceit. This deceit involves a conflict between two brothers in which one wants to keep the other unhappy and unwed. This conflict is present as it is said, "There's a skirmish of wit between them." (Shakespeare). Shakespeare, in his life, had some deceitful things forced upon him where he was cheated out of something. He was forced out of school at an early age of fifteen to help his father financially. Furthermore, he was forced into marrying a women that was eight years older than himself because she was three months pregnant. In result of his unsuccessful marriage, it is reason enough for him involving love and deceit as one in this play. So Shakespeare also understands deceit as he incorporated it into Much Ado About Nothing ("Shakespeare, William"). Contrary to love and deceit, Shakespeare uses comedy as the third and final element of the play. Comedy is what gives Much Ado About Nothing it's cheerful happiness and wit that gives this play it's recognition. Shakespeare had many happy experiences in his life due to his great success in being a

Presidents of the Vietnam War Essay

President Nixon’s move to end the war in Vietnam and propagate peace there is the most noble move compared to that of the John F. Kennedy’s and Lyndon Johnson, who, at that time have deployed 500,000 soldiers, more than 300 of which are held prisoners. More so, the citizens were divided over the purpose of the war. Nixon plotted a strategy to end America’s involvement in that struggle without sacrificing the dignity that it has upheld in the global scene. With his strong intentions, he was instrumental in the signing of a peace treaty that benefited both countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John F. Kennedy views the war as only a small part of a bigger struggle between freedom and communism, an idea that he widely advertised to the Americans. His stand on America’s defense for freedom in Vietnam is rooted from the legal relationship that it tried hard to uphold. With this, JFK pursued all possibilities of winning the war. His pledge to â€Å"pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and success of liberty† (John F. Kennedy, 1962) was considered ambitious.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lyndon Johnson’s move to give support to Diem in order to make sure that the waging of war against the communist was not effective in the course of the Vietnam War. His obvious support to continue waging war and sending young soldiers made him the antagonist by many Americans who felt that by doing so, it is synonymous to genocide with a different purpose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   President Nixon’s intentions handled the Vietnam War best since he made sure that the war was fought in a manner he knows will be a win-win situation to both countries. Works Cited Herring, George C. America’s Longest War The United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975. America in crisis. New York: Wiley, 1979. Small, Melvin. Antiwarriors The Vietnam War and the Battle for America’s Hearts and   Minds. Vietnam–America in the war years, v. 1. Wilmington, Del: Scholarly Resources, 2002.

The Fall Of Rome

The Book is written by Bryan Ward-Perkins, with the title The Fall Of Rome: And the End of Civilization and printed by Oxford University Pres in 2005. John Bryan Ward-Perkins was born in 1912 in UK. He was a British historian and archeologist and director of British School at Rome. During WWII he served in military, during which he gained the knowledge of Tripolitania and Roman ruins which led him to take interest in history.In 1946 he accepted the position of Director at British school at Rome and stayed on this position till 1974. â€Å"The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization†, addresses the general perception of modern historians about the benign change from Roman Empire to Christianity. The author corrects this thinking through archaeological evidence. He mentions that it was the coming of German tribes and their long term effects that led to the dissolution of Roman Empire.The main argument which I find different from the normal text books is the telling of story of fall of empire from the other side. For example, he mentions that the transition of Roman Empire was neither nor peaceful; instead it was Germanic tribes (Vandals, Visigoth) etc who crossed the river Rhine in 5th BC and took whatever they wanted by force rather than through treaties or negotiations. He argues that one of the main reasons for collapse of Roman Empire was decline of Roman economy through many centuries.He provides a reality check to modern readers shocking them with the truth about a Rome that was caught in economic collapse, rebellions from barbarians and rise of new orthodoxy; all of which became the reasons Rome collapse. The book provides interesting insight into the fall of Roman Empire from a different view compared to popular thinking in schools and text books. I believe this book is essential for any history student to look at a great event of history from a different perspective. Reference: Bryan Ward-Perkins,The Fall Of Rome: And the End of Civilization. Oxf ord University Pres,2005.

Essay on Aed 202 Week1

Essay on Aed 202 Week1 Essay on Aed 202 Week1 Being a middle grade and high school instructor, I have noticed numerous students in different emotional phases within their life. Emotional levels vary from formative years, early childhood, middle childhood and adolescent years. Being teacher, I must be continuously aware concerning my students ‘conducts. There are many emotional qualities that are expected from what I visualize, from students inside my school room. Hatred, anxiety, joy, as well as depression are all integrated with these emotional qualities. As a result of their levels of growth, individuals may have proper or improper emotional reactions. With regards to the length of their school day, each of the individuals encounters pleasure. This will happen if they get Ana for a task, get together with different buddies, or get to enjoy in free time such as break. Anything as simple as a smile or even a laughter could be the suitable reaction from any kind of given instant. Grimace or sad emotions are what the divergent reactions to joy will be. One more emotional trait includes fear. Fear is seen for many students at every stage of school. It doesn't make any difference when they want to try out in the basketball team; it's the very first day of the school year, or time for report cards or development reports. A scared facial manifestation, quiet or a fragment of worry might be a suitable indication of fear. Hatred and/or chaotic conduct may be incorrect reactions with fear. An additional emotional experience

Son of Sam - Killer David Berkowitz

Son of Sam - Killer David Berkowitz David Berkowitz, better known as Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer, is an infamous 1970s New York City serial killer who killed six people and wounded several others. His crimes became legendary because of the bizarre content in the letters that he wrote to the police and the media and his reasons for committing the attacks. With the police feeling the pressure to catch the killer, Operation Omega was formed, which was comprised of over 200 detectives; all working on finding the Son of Sam before he killed again. Berkowitzs Childhood Born Richard David Falco,  June 1, 1953, he was adopted by Nathan and Pearl Berkowitz. The family lived in a middle-class home in the Bronx. The couple loved and doted on their son yet Berkowitz grew up feeling rejected and scorned because of being adopted. His size and appearance did not help matters. He was larger than most of the kids his age and not particularly attractive. His parents were not social people and Berkowitz followed in that path, developing a reputation for being a loner. Berkowitz Was Plagued With Guilt and Anger Berkowitz was an average student and did not show any particular flair for any one subject. He did, however, develop into a decent baseball player which became his main outside activity. Around the neighborhood, he had a reputation for being hyper and a bully. Believing his natural mother died while giving birth to him was the source of intense guilt and anger inside Berkowitz. Some believe it was the reason for his anti-social and aggressive behavior as a child. The Death of His Mother Pearl Berkowitz had a reoccurrence with breast cancer and died in 1967. Berkowitz was devastated and became severely depressed. He viewed his mother’s death as a master plot designed to destroy him. He began to fail in school and spent most of his time alone. When his father remarried in 1971, his new wife did not get along with the young Berkowitz, and the newlyweds moved to Florida leaving 18-year-old Berkowitz behind. Berkowitz Reunites With His Birth Mother Berkowitz joined the army and after a disastrous three years, he left the service. During that time, he had his one and only sexual experience with a prostitute and caught a venereal disease. When he returned home from the army, he found out his natural mother was still alive and that he had a sister. There was a brief reunion, but eventually, Berkowitz stopped visiting. His isolation, fantasies, and paranoid delusions were now in full force. Driven by Demons On Christmas Eve 1975, Berkowitz’s â€Å"demons† drove him out into the streets with a hunting knife to find a victim to kill. Later he confessed to plunging his knife into two women, one which could not be confirmed. The second victim, 15-year-old Michelle Forman, survived the attack and was treated for six knife wounds. Soon after the attacks, Berkowitz moved out of the Bronx to a two-family home in Yonkers. It was in this home that the Son of Sam would be created. Howling dogs in the neighborhood kept Berkowitz from sleeping and in his deranged mind, he turned their howls into messages from demons that were ordering him to go kill women. He later said that in an attempt to quiet the demons, he began to do what they asked. Jack and Nann Cassara owned the home and in time Berkowitz became convinced that the quiet couple was in truth, part of the demon conspiracy, with Jack being General Jack Cosmo, commander in chief of the dogs that tormented him. When he moved away from the Cassaras into an apartment on Pine Street, he failed to escape the controlling demons. His new neighbor, Sam Carr, had a black Labrador named Harvey, who Berkowitz believed was also possessed. He eventually shot the dog, but that did not offer him relief because he had come to believe that Sam Carr was possessed by the most powerful demon of them all, possibly Satan himself. Nightly the demons screamed at Berkowitz to go kill, their thirst for blood unquenchable. The Arrest of the Son of Sam Berkowitz was eventually caught after receiving a parking ticket at the time and near the place of the Moskowitz murder. That evidence along with letters he wrote to Carr and the Cassaras, his military background, his appearance, and an arson incident, led police to his door. When he was arrested he immediately surrendered to police and identified himself as Sam, telling the police, Well, youve got me. After being evaluated, it was determined that he could stand trial. Berkowitz stood trial in August 1978 and pled guilty to six murders. He received 25 years to life for each of the murders. Berkowitzs Crime Spree July 29, 1976 – Jody Valenti and Donna Lauria were shot as they sat talking in a parked car outside Donna’s apartment. Lauria died instantly from a gunshot wound to her neck. Valenti survived the attack.October 23, 1976 – Carl Denaro and Rosemary Keenan were shot while sitting in Denaro’s parked car. Both survived, but Carl was struck in the head by one of the bullets.November 26, 1976 – Donna DeMasi and 18-year-old Joanne Lomino were walking near Joanne’s home after a late movie. Berkowitz followed them briefly, then shot them. Donna survived without suffering permanent physical harm, but Joanne was paralyzed for life.January 30, 1977 – 26-year-old Christine Freund and her fiance John Diel were shot as they sat in a parked car. Christine died and John Diel survived the attack.March 8, 1977 – Virginia Voskerichian, a Barnard College honor student was shot and killed while walking home from class.April 17, 1977 – 18-year-o ld Valentina Suriani and her 20-year-old boyfriend Alexander Esau, were shot twice. Both died as a result of gunshot wounds. Berkowitz left a letter at the scene, signed â€Å"Son of Sam.† June 26, 1977 – Judy Placido and Sal Lupu were shot while leaving a disco. Both survived although Judy was shot three times.July 31, 1977 – Bobby Violante and Stacy Moskowitz were shot in the car while parked at a lover’s lane. Stacy died from a gunshot wound to her head and Bobby lost vision in one eye and partial vision in the other eye. The Ressler Interview In 1979, Berkowitz was interviewed by FBI veteran, Robert Ressler. Berkowitz admitted that he invented the â€Å"Son of Sam† stories so that if caught he could convince the court that he was insane. He said the real reason he killed was because he felt resentment toward his mother and his failures with women. He found killing the women to be sexually arousing. Throat Slashed On  July 10, 1979, Berkowitz was giving out water to the other inmates in his section when another inmate,  William E.  Hauser, attacked him with a razor blade and slashed his throat. Berkowitz was too afraid to cooperate with the investigation despite that it nearly cost him his life. Hausers name was not released to the public until 2015 when the for Attica superintendent James Conway revealed it. Serving His Time Berkowitz is currently serving a life sentence at the maximum-security Shawangunk Correctional Facility in Wallkill after being transferred from Sullivan Correctional Facility in Fallsburg, New York where he spent several years. Since entering prison, he has become a member of the Jews for Jesus religious group. Berkowitz had refused to attend any of his parole hearings since he became eligible for possible release in 2002. However, in May 2016 he changed his mind and attended his parole hearing. Berkowitz, 63 at the time, told the parole board, â€Å"I was constantly putting myself out there to help other individuals, with kindness and compassion,† he said. â€Å"I mean, I feel that’s my life’s calling, all these years. My evaluations, and so forth, should show that to be true. I’ve done a lot of good and positive things, and I thank God for that.† He was denied parole again and his next hearing is scheduled for May 2018. Today Berkowitz is a born-again Christian and described as a model prisoner.

Zedong and Xiaoping Different Ideology and One Same Goal Essay

Zedong and Xiaoping Different Ideology and One Same Goal - Essay Example The turbulent period which has shaped China is brimming of reformists like Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. Mao Zedong, born into a peasant family in Shaoshan, Hunan Province, is an advocate of Karl Marx and his idea in communism and the proletariat. Along with Zhou Enlai, Zhu De and Lin Biao, Mao Zedong was a founder-member of Chinese Communist Party (CPP) when it was established in 1921 (bbc.co.uk). Mao’s ushering into Marxism could be attributed to his devoted reading of Marx’s â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† while he worked in the University Library (bbc.co.uk). His early political career with CPP laid him in the Koumintang Nationalist Party as a political organizer. When Chiang Kai-Shek emerged as the new leader of Koumintang, after the death of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, he launched an â€Å"anti-communist purge†. Consequently, Mao led his followers and the communist Red Army in the legendary 6,000 mile retreat â€Å"Long March† to Northwest China â€Å"to establish a new base† (â€Å"Mao Zedong†). When Mao gained the upper hand after defeating Chiang in a civil war in 1949 (the year Mao proclaimed the founding of People’s Republic of China), he set out to â€Å"reshape Chinese society.† ... nd set out to reform and bring about economic growth and development which freed estimated â€Å"170 million peasants out of extreme poverty† by the early 1990s. Among the socio-economic reforms brought by Deng was the abolishment of rural agricultural communes tantamount to a condemnation of Mao’s Great Leap Forward: the giving of permit to city dwellers for them to start small-scale businesses, allowing ordinary Chinese citizen to buy consumer goods, the imposition of tough population controls that included forced abortions to limit families to one or two children, and inviting foreign investors to the country (â€Å"Reformer with an Iron Fist†). Deng also criticized Mao’s Cultural Revolution when it shut down schools and suck the student population â€Å"into the ubiquitous Red Guards† (â€Å"Reformer with an Iron Fist†). Although Deng’s affiliation with the left is as staunch as Mao’s, the two are at odds when it comes to ec onomic development. Mao’s tact ensconced in Great Leap Forward is juxtaposed by Deng’s liberalization of trade, commerce and industry in China. Mao’s personality exemplifies conservatism at a time when changes brought by the West trickles in Japanese soil and other countries in Asia. Mao headed China in manner somewhat regressive and insulated from the Western influence and urbanity. On the other hand, the progressivist and pragmatic brand of leadership which could be influenced by France – where he also developed in himself the idea of capitalism – Deng brought about urbanization and industrialization in China. It is interesting to note that Deng who is a central figure in CPP had suffered 3 overthrows in 1933, 1966 and on 1978 by his fellow revolutionaries when he attacked Mao’s ideology. Known to be a â€Å"capitalist roader†

Effectiveness of Project finance in wealthy countries Research Paper

Effectiveness of Project finance in wealthy countries - Research Paper Example Qatari oil and natural gas reserves are over 15 billion barrels and 26 trillion cubic metres respectively. Oil and gas revenue account for over 50 percent of its total GDP and 70 percent of all government revenues. Over 85 percent of all export earnings are from gas and oil. In fact, Qatar is the largest exporter of Liquefied natural gas (LNG). It is also the third largest country after Russia and Iran with largest gas deposits. In addition, Qatar relies heavily on foreign labour. Since oil and gas were discovered and extraction commenced in the 1950’s, Qatar’s economy has experienced high real gross domestic product growth rate each year. According to Blanchard, the country recorded 16 percent real gross domestic growth rate in 20102. Qatar is one of the richest countries in the world and has the highest per capita income in the Arab world. The GDP and per capita income was $128 billion and $67,000 in 2010 respectively. In addition, Qatari citizens and residents enjoy higher standard of living as compared to most countries in the world. Oil and gas sector generated over 70 percent revenues to the exchequer and the government does not levy income tax on all its citizens. According to CIA, the budget revenues and expenditures were estimated to be $47.32 billion and $31.61 billion respectively in 20103. Qatar has one of the lowest tax rates in the world, a situation that has attracted direct foreign investment. Furthermore, the country can grant t ax exception for about 12 years. Although economic growth and development is largely attributed to proceeds from huge deposits of oil and gas, the government has developed political, social, economic policies that promoted high levels of governance and transparency; reduced business process bureaucracies; and improve political stability, making it one of the stable Arab states in spite of political turmoil in neighboring Arab states. Economist, the World Bank and Transparency international have

African American Women Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

African American Women - Article Example Irrespective of their race, religion & class women were not seen as women in the society in the beginning of this century. The woman, often conceived and the childbirth have become dangerous. There was no birth control system in yester-years. The abortion was treated as an unlawful thing. During this century, the life styles of women have changed vastly. The activities of women have brought an important role in transformation of women. Many workingwomen have reached pinnacles in their selective fields. They have become champions in the fields of educational institutions, science and technology. Now the women are more economically stronger and independent than a century ago. The women are not involved in union activities.Now the black women in USA can exercise their franchise not like in olden days. Now the women are well educated and participated in national politics. The African American women were first employed in jobs during the currency of First World War. After the First World War, the services rendered by the woman were forgotten, as they did not enter into domestic service. The start of industries gave some opportunities to women to get good jobs with good returns. The involvement of women in second world war and the role played by them brought changes in awareness and consciousness within the women and the in the society too. The politicians thought of safeguarding the interests of women at their respective work place. The women desired to stick to their jobs by showing their individuality but some women wanted to come back to their domestic service. The work force of woman has largely increased in the year 1940 when compared to the work force of women in the year1939. After Second World War the need of education in higher education and technology has been increased for women after 1960, the entire world wanted to bring a change in inequality irrespective of their class, race and religion.The history of the African American women is the product of time of century old women. It is the growth of the African American women for the last 25 years, which focused on their memories, testimonies and pointing out women's experience. After events of revolution in 1968, the socialist feminism is possible once again the world, liberation of women in capitalism. At the end of 1960, the emergence of feminist framework and civil rights movement could be seen. In 1980s Thatcher and Reagan have elaborated the same. In both the countries of USA and Britain have contrasts of class, race, ethnicity, along with region, age and disability. The books did not carry a definite socialist analysis of the history of women in 20th centuries. The working class woman has not transformed the liberation of women forward. In 20th century, the women have achieved, in many nations, the right to vote, increased their changes in educational and job opportunities. Women used to feel wifehood and motherhood were most important events in their career. History shows that women is creative source of human life, women are always treated as inferior to men, since olden days. The attitude towards women was favorable in the east. In USA, the women were felt weaker than men as they couldn't do hard work which requires muscle power. In women, the Americans found lack of intellectual development. The women were allowed to attend domestic works such as caring of children, cooking cleaning of house and washing clothes. It was felt that women's main role in the society was to give birth to children. In the present scenario, because of major publicity to follow contraceptive methods

What Are The Uses Of Nanotechnology Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Uses Of Nanotechnology Environmental Sciences Essay Nanoscience and nanotechnology congers up visions of making, imaging, manipulating and utilizing things really small and the defining feature of nanochemistry is the utilization of synthetic chemistry to make nanoscale building blocks of different size and shape, composition and surface structure, charge and functionality[1]. The initial concepts of nanotechnology were decribed by Richard Feynman in 1959 when he gave a talk describing a process involving individual atoms and molecules that could be manipulated. Professor Taniguchi later helped define nanotechnology as a process involving separation, consolidation and deformation of materials on particles the size of an atom or a molecule[2]. The national nanotechnology initiative describes nanotechnology as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometres where unique phenomena enable novel applications[3]. The nanotechnology field is interdisciplinary and spans across physics, biology, chemistry, medicine, materials science and computing[4] and requires engineering at a nanoscale. A nanometre is equal to a billionth of a metre (10-9) and nanotechnology can be defined based on its scale being less than 100nm[5]. The science of nanoscale materials is said to fall between the extremes of 1nm and 1 Â µm lengths[1]. Nanotechnology incorporates science and technology to allow manipulation of atoms and molecules to create new systems, materials and devices with at least one feature of less than 100 nm in size. This provides the capacity to work at the molecular level, atom by atom, to create large structures with fundamentally new molecular organisation[6] which significantly contributes to enhanced material properties in physical, chemical and biological aspects as a result of their nanoscale caliber[6]. At the nanoscale materials have different properties; silver and gold nanoparticles hav e catalytic properties whilst pieces visual to the human eye are inert and unreactive. This is due to smaller particles having a much larger surface are to volume ratio and at sizes below 100 nm quantum effects become apparent. Fabrication on a nanoscale requires the use of molecules as building blocks. There are two approaches taken towards nanotechnology. The top-down approach uses conventional methods of micro fabrication extending them into the molecular size regime and includes electron beam and X-ray lithography. The bottom up approach incorporates the principles of self-assembly extending them from the molecular into the micrometer size regime which in a way mimics the way nature constructs biological systems and requires suitable building blocks. In 1959 hypothetical concepts and experimental results for nano-size materials and devices appeared, however the recent scientific developments have encouraged a revival of activity and created developments in the nanoscience field[1]. Nanotechnology has followed on from micro-engineering where tolerances of 10-6m have become common in the motor vehicle and aerospace industries allowing the manufacture of high quality and safer transportation. In the computing industry the miniaturization revolution has become most apparent. The worlds first stored-program electronic digital computer nicknamed the baby was built in Manchester in 1948 and had the processing power equivalent to that of a mobile phone yet the machine itself filled an entire room. Today the components of a computer have been de-scaled down to the size of a mobile phone and contain nano features, whilst they can process information much faster. Nanoscience is already a leading solution provider to many societal, health and environmental problems and due to its high potential for future developments it is attracting large amounts of funding. Nanotechnology has played a vital part in major revolutionary advances in medicine. Nanoparticles can be used to help faster detection of diseases. They are introduced into the body and bind to targeting antibodies which in turn will bind to the diseased cells and creates a fluorescent glow which can be detected by an imaging system which pinpoints the location of the disease from early onset. There are nano coatings that can repel dirt and prevent the spread of mrsa which has recently become a problem in hospitals. Nanotechnology is creating a path for faster diagnosis of disease and more accurate drug targeting using smaller quantities of drugs, hence reducing toxicity to the body. Looking from an environmental aspect nanotechnology is helping to develop cheaper and more efficient solar energy cells to be used in homes as a cleaner energy source. Nanotechnology is responsible for the production of environmentally friendly nanocoatings which are highly effective and not toxic to the environment, which can be used to replace toxic cadmium and chromium coatings that are currently used. There are nanocoatings which can protect materials making them more durable and resistant to scratches and graffiti. Nanoparticles can be used to invisibly tag things which make it easier for identification purposes and for crime prevention. Nanotechnology has allowed for tougher car tyres, improved sun creams, cheaper solar cells, stronger aeroplane wings, more sensitive and specific sensors, more efficient catalysts, hydrogen storage, tougher fabrics, new materials for sports equipment such as golf clubs and to reinforce the frames and strings on tennis racquets, intelligent glass for windows and glasses, flat screen TV screens among many other things. Carbon nanotubes are highly electrically and thermally conductive and have a tensile strength one hundred times stronger than steel whilst being a lot lighter. The highly desirable properties of carbon nanotubes allow tremendous future possibilities for aviation, military and medical applications. Carbon nanotubes and other materials such as plastics and textiles can be combined to produce lightweight bullet proof vests. Silver nanoparticles are present in socks and help combat bad odour by killing bacteria and this idea has been mimicked in dressing for wounds to keep them sterile. Nanotechnologies have enabled self-cleaning and dirt repellent clothes, which contributes to reducing the energy used to wash them. Nanotechnology developments in the pipeline include carbon nanotubes that can generate heat and may be ideal for electric blankets or as wall paper to heat cold walls and insulate homes. Research currently in process includes polymer based nanofibres that can be filled with nanoparticles, enzymes, catalysts, or an antibacterial. The nanofibres can be sprayed onto cut and wounds to activate the healing process or used to form temporary membranes or filters in the body. Nanoelectric devices have been embedded into textiles and can monitor internal temperature, chemical sensing and provide support for people that partake in extreme sports or for firefighters and other professions wherer this could be a vital piece of equipment. To support these nanoelectric devices research is being conducted on the viability of man made nanfibres which are used to present new properties such as shock absorbance, strength, heat stability and fire retardancy. Encapsulation is a process which increases th e performance or shelf like of a less stable substance and has been used in the nanoencapsulation of cancer drugs to increase their efficiency. It can help to deliver improved taste and protects food substances from harsh processing environments and in household cleaning products they can provide longer lasting scented household fragrances and also to help reduce energy and water use by slowly releasing enzymes in washing detergents. Nanoscale manufacture is already well established with food companies. Several foods and drinks comprise of natural nanoscale ingredients which can be manipulated which often happens in the manufacture of dairy produce[3]. Nanotechnology has been used to incorporate new tastes, flavours, physical effects and health benefits to foods as well improving food manufacture standards by being used to create antibacterial surfaces, packaging that is protected against contamination and special filters that can remove impurities and toxic chemicals[3]. Research in the motor industry is offering applications of nanotechnology to provide improved fuel cells for cleaner energy, more efficient catalysts, corrosion and scratch protection as well as stronger yet lighter engines and other motor parts. Nanoparticles are currently present as additives in fuels which enable lower fuel consumption and decrease any toxic emissions and research is being conducted to develop way in which nanotechnology coul d eradicate hazardous reactants and toxic emissions altogether. Cars are benefiting from nano-sensors which are reducing collisions and can detect part failures within the vehicles. The benefits surrounding the use of nanotechnology in our every day lives is endless, it is obvious that nanotechnology could shape the world of the future and contribute to developing a sustainable environment; maybe one day nanoscience could contribute to ending world hunger. Cancer could be eradicated as surgical procedures are carried out at the molecular level and eventually with nanosurgery everything could hopefully be repairable. However without the cycle of life and death the population on the world would increase to an unmanageable amount that would affect the sustainable environment we are supposedly aiming to achieve. Future developments of nanotechnology are totally unpredictable and the nanoscience phenomenon is still in its early stages. While the many benefits of nanotechnology are apparent, scientists are nervous about what the future may hold and concerns surrounding the ability to make materials come to life via means of reconstruction on the molecular level are most daunting. A particular concern is the development of nanorobotics that could potentially lead to nanorobots taking on human duties which would endanger and unbalance the world economy. However nanoscience is in the responsibility of the scientists and out of our hands for the time being, there are people who fear the future of nanotechnologies and there are those who are looking forward to their developments. Like with any new technology on the market, nanotechnologies also pose potential risks which need to be fully understood in order to optimize the advantages of using nanotechnology regularly. Once embedded in polymers nanoparticles are very safe, yet there is some uncertainty surrounding free nanoparticles and the health threats posed if inhaled. The government and the nanotechnology industry are extremely aware of the possible risks, it is not doubted that nanotechnology can bring profound benefits to society but these various applications of nanotechnology need to be supervised and maintained to safe and risk free level. Public concern surrounding nanotechnology is limited as a large population of the public have not yet heard of nanotechnology[7] and those who have dont fully understand what it actually entails[8-10]. A study in France confirmed that 81.5% of the participants had little or no knowledge about nanotechnology (table 1) [7]. Social scientists have researched what influences public perception of new up coming technologies like nanotechnology[11]. A recent study in March 2011, Comparing nanoparticle risk perceptions to other known EHS risks has concluded that the public are relatively unconcerned about nanotechnology risks and the risks of nanotechnology perceived by the public are relatively low compared to other health and environmental risks ( fig 1.)[9]. In this study the public have ranked street drugs as the highest posed risk followed by smoking, AIDS, nuclear waste and obesity. Nanoparticles have been ranked on the low end of the scale, 20th out of 24, along with X-rays, air trave l and mobile phone use[9]. Fig.1. Rankings by high health risk perceptions[9]. A survey of the public perceptions about the use of nanotechnology in foods and food packaging concluded that the public are ambiguous and pessimistic surrounding applications in the food industry[7]. However the study only surveyed 752 individuals, so this is not a true and fair representation of the views of the public world or UK wide. The study titled The public understanding of the food domain was carried out in France and revealed that the general consensus of the participants was that they were doubtful about nanotechnology in food and food packaging and hence viewed that the benefits equalled the risks[7]. However as the percentage of unfamiliarity surrounding nanotechnology of the participants was extremely high[7] it could be argued that with more understanding of the topic participants and also the rest of the public would be more swayed to support nanotechnology if they were more informed of the benefits and risks. The unknown causes people to be doubtful and cynical and view something they have no knowledge about in a negative light. Evidence suggests that the public however perceive nanotechnology to pose more of a risk than experts do but generally the public believe that the benefits associated with nanoscience outweigh the impact of risk[10, 12]. Table 1. Frequencies and percentages: nanotechnology food packaging (nano-outside), nanofood (nano-inside) and nanotech familiarity (N=752) [7]. After the public backlash against genetically modified foods the public perceptions of new and emerging technologies are highly valued and extremely important and need to considered fully[13]. Given the important and lucrative benefits of nanotechnology for the future the public need to be made fully aware of the advantages before they make negative judgements themselves based on their lack of knowledge surrounding the topic. Uninformed people will automatically have a negative biased opinion of new technology if they are not slowly introduced to the idea and made aware of the advantages before they hear about the minor risks and pass judgement themselves. People in industry fear that without more research and public awareness there may be an outcry against their use of nanomaterials[14]. It was reported that increased education on new technologies led to increased public anxiety of the subject[15]. Will giving the public more information, provide them with more ammunition for a repeat of the public out cries against genetically modified foods and gene technology. Communication between the public and decision makers in nanoscience and the government needs to be established sooner rather than later to gain the public approval and to ensure there isnt a repeat performance of the GM food backlash[13]. Already public protestors present at Nanotechnology debates held in France in 2010 chanted Nano, its not green, its totalitarian[16]. Public perception depends upon the type of utilization surrounding the new technology [17] and most of the time applications involving food and medicine are considered to cause the most controversy in the public eye[18, 19]. A Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution in the UK found no evidence that nanomaterials have harmed people or the environment, but recommended further research and evidence to confirm this[14]. The public need to hear positive evidence surrounding the safety of nanotechnology maybe before they are introduced to current and future developments. Public concern includes whether manufacturers and industry will benefit more in terms of revenue from nanotechnology than the consumers[20]. The concern over nanotechnology in food is more of a worry to the public than its use in packaging which is deemed to be quite useful in fact [20]. Titanium-dioxide, one of the most commonly used nanoparticles used in consumer products such as sun creams [21] has recently been slated after finding that Titanium dioxide nanoparticles caused chromosomal damage, as well as inflammation, all of which increase the risk of cancer when tests were carried out on mice[22]. However a year later the same source of information, UCLAs NanoSystems Institute revealed how nanoparticles have been used in the delivery of cancer drug therapy in mice[23] which could have huge potential in the development of human anti-cancer drugs. As of yet the various warnings against nanotechnology can not be justified as there is a lack of concrete evidence to support such claims against nanotechnology. According to new laws from the European Parliament cosmetics containing nanomaterials will have to be duly labelled and the new regulation states Nanomaterials: labelling, definition and safety assessment needed[24]. After Germanys Federal Environment Agency revealed a report about nanotechnology[25] which consequently lead to media headlines reading The German Environment agency warns against nanotechnology and Nanotechnology can make you sick[26] the environment agency retaliated by declaring that we havent done any of our own research and as a result feel the report has been misinterpreted [27]. This is an example of fabrication of warnings against nanotechnology and without adequate evidence the public misconception with regards to new nanotechnology will continue. A report published in 2010, Report on the European Commissions Public Online Consultation towards a Strategic Nanotechnology Action Plan concluded a number of points related to public concerns with regards to nanotechnology amongst other cohorts[28]. The majority public opinion on nanotechnologies was reasonably optimistic and not a single person voted opposed towards nanotechnologies (fig). The public perceived food and healthcare to be most at risk with respect to nanotechnology (fig). Toxic nanomaterials and the nanomaterial workers health were both highlighted as being the most important major issues the public had concern over (fig). The general consensus across all areas questioned was that more action needed to be done with regards to the EU Policies in the new action plan. The areas highlighted the most included addressing safety concerns, developing better tools and adapting existing nanomaterial legislation (fig). Fig.[28] Fig. [28] Fig. Public concerns about the current state of development of nanotechnologies[29]. Fig. [28]

Southwest Marketing Strategy Essay -- essays research papers

Southwest Airlines is the industry leader in low cost airfare. They began its operation in 1971 with three Texas based routes and began interstate routes in 1978. When Southwest entered the market in 1971 they employed a market penetration pricing approach. They wanted to provide the best service for the lowest possible price. They saw that if they cut out certain unnecessary benefits they could lower their ticket price to a level far below that of the competition. They do not have in flight movies, meals, or first class sections. This strategy has been very cost effective and Southwest passes the savings on to the customer. They chose to focus on pleasure travelers and low-income travelers opposed to business travelers. This allowed them to take advantage of a market, which was often ignored by other airlines. Southwest is not concerned with the prices of other airlines. They do not engage in pricing to meet competition, or pricing below competition. CEO Herb Kelleher stated, â€Å"We’re not competing with other airlines. We’re competing with ground transportation.† This philosophy has led them to be very successful because they are priced below the competition, but don’t raise their prices when the competition does. Cost controlling is very important in the airline industry. Southwest is very good at controlling their costs. They offer a no frills service for people who want to get to their destination for as little as possible, and are not concerned about the bells and whistles like in-flight movies. Southwest also realized that when their planes are on the ground, they aren’t making money. They decided to keep their planes in the air as much as possible and have worked hard to keep a low turnaround time. They manage to unload passengers and load new passengers for the next flight within twenty minutes, which is shorter than the industry average. Southwest also uses only one kind of plane, the Boeing 737, in order to reduce costs of parts and training employees to use different types of planes. All of these methods have lowered the cost of operations for Southwest and allowed them to have a profit of $4.7 billion, which is twice that of United Airlines. And because they are so efficient they can pass the savings on to customers. There is no first class at Southwest and therefore all the customers are treated the same. They all receive the same level of atte... ...ly buy Southwest’s inexpensive tickets. College students also aren’t concerned about in-flight movies, meals, or other perks. Southwest would crush the competition in that route and make a large profit. Even families going on vacation would fly Southwest Airlines to Mexico. It is cheaper than other major airlines and it is a respected airline, unlike some no name airlines that run flights to Mexico. Advertising would be best done on television because America has become lazy and watches too much TV. They should advertise their great customer service by having customer testimonials and pictures of smiling customers and employees. They should also advertise during family oriented shows, because they are a form of inexpensive travel that a family could take advantage of. In conclusion, I feel that Southwest has taken advantage of its inexpensive flights and family oriented atmosphere to prevail despite the September 11th tragedy. Southwest has been a profitable business for 26 consecutive years and has twice the profits of United Airlines. They have been doing a great job providing customer service and will continue to be successful as long as they continue with their current plan.

Should Doctors Help Patients Die?

Physician assisted death has always been a controversial issue in the United States that some view as a moral, ethical, religious, and legal issue. In any discussion about physician assisted suicide it is important that the terminology is clear. Physician assisted death is the procedure that a patient dies as a result of the voluntary ingestion of a fatal dose of medication that a physician has prescribed for that purpose. Assisted death is distinguished from euthanasia in that it necessarily involved an individual who is capable physically of taking his or her life and does so with means provided by another person.Physician assisted death was legalized through Oregon’s death with Dignity Act in 1994 and enacted in 1997. This act allows terminally ill patients to obtain and use prescriptions to self-administer lethal doses of medications. Although it is still rare in the state, between fourteen and forty-six people die each year by physician assisted death (PAD). Oregonâ€℠¢s Death with Dignity Act allows us to evaluate the law assessing the arguments towards whether or not physician assisted death should be legalized.Most of Oregon’s health’s professionals may agree with the patient’s request but they lack intimate knowledge on their values and reasoning for their choices. The organization, Compassion and Choices of Oregon, is dedicated to expanding the choices at the end of life, and offers guidance and support to those who qualify for physician assisted death. Compassions and Choices of Oregon, evaluates feedback from family members to obtain information on why they felt their family members decided to fulfill their PAD request.According to families results, with the top median score, the most important reasons patients pursued PAD request, patients wanted to control the circumstance of death and die at home, they worried about loss of dignity, future loss of independence, quality of life, and self-care ability. Ganzini, Goy, & Dobscha propose if there is better end of life care in homes helping patients maintain control, independence, and self-care in a home environment this may be en effective means of addressing some serious request for physician assisted deaths.Interventions can help patients determine if they can deal with symptoms and make them feel more comfortable helping them to make their decision. Some argue that patients are depressed; lack social support, and vulnerable groups turn to PAD as their only last option. Although the Death with Dignity Act empowers individuals to control the timing of their death, physician assisted death still remains a controversial topic in today’s society that raises many ethical questions. Choosing their circumstances of death.The Oregon act went through many obstacles when implementing the law to make safeguards to ensure that the law provides requirements so that it will not be abused. A major concern is about laws allowing physician assisted death is that they would open floodgates of people requesting such assistance, therefore causing a â€Å"slippery slop effect†. â€Å"The Health Division Report indicated that in 1998,23 people received such prescriptions, 15 of whom used them in hastening death during a person in which approximately 28,900 people died in Oregon. These numbers suggest that only an extremely small percentage of people (. 5% or 5 people in 100,000) who dies in Oregon received assistance under the act. â€Å" (Batavia, 2000). Patients who are applying for the use of physician-assisted death will have to follow strict regulations and have physicians, therapist, and family members consent to the choice of the patient. All patients and health care professionals have to commit that they will be in full compliance with the law and follow the procedures. Debates over the PAD also often warn of a â€Å"slippery slope† predicting abuse of vulnerable groups such as poor people, minorities, depression, w omen, and uninsured individuals.Depression can often develop among terminally ill patients when they start to loss their ability to care for themselves. According to Gazini, Goy, & Dobscha (2007) study on family members show no indication that the desire for hastened death has no association with depression or depression disorder. Oregon’s law requires that the patients must have a mental health evaluation to make certain that they are not suffering from any mental illnesses. Battin, et at, (2007) research the different vulnerable groups showing that there is no heightened risk among uninsured people, women, elderly, poor, and low educational status. Terminally ill college graduates in Oregon were 7. 6 times more likely to die with physician assistance than those without a high school diploma. † The research is completed among people living in the Netherlands and Oregon where physician assisted death is legal and practiced. From data of patients over the years they show no increase among requests among vulnerable groups. One of the most obvious arguments is that health care providers are supposed to save lives—not take them. (de Vocht & Nyatanga, 2007). The Hippocratic oath is one of the oldest documents that are still sacred by physicians.It was created to ensure that health care professionals would treat the ill to the best of their abilities, protect the privacy of their patients, and teach the secrets of medicine to future generations. â€Å"I will use those dietary regimens which will benefit my patients according to my greatest ability and judgment, and I will do no harm or injustice to them. † The Hippocratic oath is a doctors contract, in other words this statement can be interpreted as â€Å"do not harm. † Helping a patient take their life is a contradicting question if physicians are violating the Oath.Is a doctor assisting harm on a patient if they choose physician assisted death? Or is it causing harm to a patient to keep them alive suffering if they wish different? â€Å"Nurses witness firsthand the devastating effects of debilitation and life-threatening disease that are often confronted with the despair and exhaustion of patients and families† and â€Å"at times, it may be difficult to find s balance between the preservation of life and the facilitation of a dignified death† (ANA, 1994) Terminally ill patients are given medication to treat and relieve them from the pain of the illness.Patients go through the stages of disease that health care professionals do not have medications that will relieve them of all their symptoms, pain, and harm, but they do have medications they will allow patients to end the harm and choose their death. Physicians have the right to administer medications to allow patients chose their death. Increased doses of controlled substances allows the patients to die at peace and the way they choose instead of suffering in the last phases of life. The Hipp ocratic oath also allows health professionals to use their judgment when treating patients.Under the Oregon Death with Dignity Act physicians have to sign off that the patient is suffering and terminally ill, if a doctor feels that they can preserve the life of the patient they have the right to use their judgment to refuse to participate in the PAD. This is their moral right to decide if they are willing to prescribe medications to a request PAD patient if it is legal in the state. This is a time where physicians need to know how to â€Å"switch their focus from quantity, to quality of life†(LaDuke, 2006).Health care professionals should not feel quality for completing the desires of patients and doing their job. Ganzini, Goy, & Dobscha, (2007) purpose that if clinicians should focus on improving end of life care addressing worries and apprehension about the future with the goal of reducing anxiety about the dying process. Addressing patients concerns we can create intervent ions to help along the process. In contrast, patients who request Death with Dignity are already in high-quality palliative care. We assume they hospice programs have little to do with the patients assisted death choice.Most patients have already made up there minds whether they have been in hospice care or not. Although hospice care can improve ones quality of life, it still does not change the patients choosing their circumstances of death. By any standard the first year of the Oregon Death and Dignity Act would be considered a success. This success has made other states look into legalizing physician-assisted death. In 1997, the court case Washington v. Glucksberg decided that Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act would go into effect. Eleven years later others states followed the suit, through different approaches. In 2008, Washington voters adopted a right to die initiative and a Montana judge ruled that individuals had the right to hasten their death under the states constitu tion. † (Kirtley, 20011). Supporters of the Washington Death with Dignity Act organized a committee of supporters. This committee felt their chances of success were good because of similar demographics in Oregon and Washington. The eleven years between the passings of Oregon’s Act allowed people of Washington consider the facts and make their own approach to the purposing of the Act.Novembers 2008 Washington voters approved the Death with Dignity Act, and people claimed â€Å"other states would fall like dominoes†. Following in Washington’s footsteps, a month later Montana legalized hastened death. The Montana Supreme court ruled on December 31, 2009 that nothing in the state constitution prevented patients from hastening their deaths and gave doctors the right to prescribe lethal medications. Americans now have more options for dying than they did in 1997. We know have Hospice, Palliative care, hysicians can legally pursue aggressive pain management, and states can now pass aid in dying laws. Patients may discontinue life-sustaining therapies, or voluntarily stop eating and drinking as a natural part of the dying process, and lethal prescriptions. Most important we are allowing patients to have choices to allow them to deal with their end of life care and how they wish to die. In the book Narrative Matters there is a story about a young doctor Alok Khorana who is coming to the end of his shift after working long hours to save up time for her wedding the next day.Alok is faced with a tough situation when Mr. Kohl comes in one of his patients and has to consider end-of-life decisions. Mr. Kohl her patient is a 53 year old white male, Vietnam veteran, steel plant worker, smoker, lung cancer, that has failed two different chemotherapy regiments and his last few scans have shown and impressive disease progression. Mr. Kohl had attended a doctor’s appointment and the doctor noted shortness of breath and the need of urgent hospital care. In medical terms this means it is basically better of that he would die in the hospital and should have been on hospice care.Alok is trying to talk the man into considering a DNR and let him know that this he might not make it much longer than a day or two. Mr. Kohl does not have any children and just has a wife named Ann. As much as Alok tries to convince Mr. Kohl to consider DNR he will not even consider it because he promised Ann he would not go without seeing her. They monitor him for a few hours trying to keep him as pain free as he can. The nurses and staff let the man know that there will not be a lot they can do for him with all of his health conditions and him suffering from pneumonia.They provide him with information about DNR and how they think it will be his best choice. He will not give in and says he is not giving up he told him wife he will do everything he can. After some time Mr. Kohl’s lungs begin to collapse and he is hooked up to a ventilation machin e to help his lungs work correctly. As his wife Ann is on her way he than is given the option to be administered enough oxygen to keep him a live without a machine for a little longer. Mr. Kohl knows what is about to happen to him, and how his medical condition cannot be reversed.He decides to hang on and do what ever he can for the love of his wife. He promised her he would be able to see her before he goes, and than he will be ready to die. Although Mr. Kohl did not receive a physician assisted death procedure, he shares a lot of the same concerns that was researched for why patients decide when they are ready to die. Mrs. Kohl finally shows up to the hospital clasps his hands tightly, the heart monitor machines are shut off, and the morphine is administered for comfort. Mr. Kohl’s breathes start to slow down and he drifts into sleep.Alok the doctor on duty witnessed a powerful life story that night on her shift. On his way home the day before her marriage she looks over Mr . Kohl’s struggle to hang on for life. Although he was aware of his conditions and that he will not make it much longer he wanted the comfort of his wife. Alok realizes that after years of struggles with his soon to be wife one day when he is dying, she will come in and tell him its OK to die. He will listen, and it will be okay. For many patients who consider physician-assisted death there main reasons are to control there situation of death.Mr. Kohl was so persistant on not choosing DNR because he just wanted to control his situation and wanted his wife to be on his side. Once she was there he made his decision and he than was ready to go. Physician assisted death will always be a contradicted topic when discussing the tampering of a human life, but it is present that this Act has had no present negative effects. When laws are set up to assist patients desires to choose the end of life care, physicians should feel they are following patients request and their job, they have the right to help patients choose their death.Legalization has to protect both of the rights of terminally ill patients who wish to die, and patients who do not. This will always be a sensitive that will differ with each state exploring the aspects of moral, ethical, and legal concerns. Work Cited Ganzini, L. , Goy, E. , & Dobscha, S. (2008). Why Oregon patients request assisted death: family members' views. Journal Of General Internal Medicine, 23(2), 154-157. Battin, P. M. , Heide. A. , Ganzini, L. , Wal, G. , ; Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. P. (2007) Legal physician-assisted dying in Oregon and the Netherlands:Evidence concerning the Impact on Patients in â€Å"Vulnerable† Groups. Journal of Medical Ethics,33(10), 591-597. Batavia, A. I. (2000). So far so good: Observations on the first year of Oregon's Death with Dignity Act. Psychology, Public Policy, And Law, 6(2), 291-304. Mathes, M. (2004). Ethics, law, and policy. Assisted suicide and nursing ethics. MEDSURG Nursing, 13(4 ), 261-264. Howard, R. J. (2006). We Have an Obligation to Provide Organs for Transplantation After We Die. American Journal Of Transplantation, 6(8), 1786-1789.